Geotechnical Topics

A Design Conflict in Section 11.8.3-item 1 of ASCE 7-10&16 (Determination of Seismic Earth Pressures on Basement and Retaining Walls)

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 The maximum considered earthquake geometric mean (MCEG) peak ground acceleration (PGAM) is commonly used in the USA to perform geotechnical evaluations including liquefaction, lateral spread, and pseudo-static slope stability analyses. However, to determine seismic earth pressures on basement and retaining walls, ASCE 7-10 and 7-16 Section 11.8.3 – item 1 allows using “Design” Earthquake PGA… Read More

Geotechnical Topics

An Alternative Approach To Determine Static and Seismic Passive Pressure

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 Introduction The current state of practice  adopts Rankine/Coulomb theory to estimate static passive pressure and Mononobe-Okabe (M-O) method to determine seismic passive pressure. As you know, each of these approaches were formulated based on some assumptions that may not apply to all of our daily engineering problems. For instance, the M-O method was originally developed… Read More

Geotechnical Topics

Introduction to Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA)

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 Unlike Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis (DSHA), Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) allows uncertainties in the size, magnitude, location, site condition, and rate of recurrence of earthquakes to be considered in the evaluation of seismic hazards for a particular project site. This post uses the presentations of Professor Kevin Franke from Brigham Young University and Professor Jack… Read More

Geotechnical Topics

Verification vs. Validation in Numerical Modeling

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 Verification and validation are the essential procedures required to assess accuracy and credibility of numerical analyses. The terms “verification” and “validation”  are often used interchangeably in the current engineering practice. However, the two procedures have entirely different meanings and applications. The differences are outlined below: Verification is meant to identify and remove programming errors in a… Read More

Geotechnical Topics

Advantages of performing strain-based analysis for pile design

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 Per the current state of practice, a pile design is typically completed by checking the following design items: Static settlement which includes elastic compression of pile, immediate and consolidation settlements of soil; Structural and geotechnical bearing capacity of pile in static and seismic conditions; Seismic settlement under downdrag forces induced by the surrounding soil during… Read More

Geotechnical Topics

How does a finite element computer program (“Black Box”) work?

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 Due to the complexity of finite element programs, performing a finite element analysis may seem unattractive for some geotechnical engineers. Interestingly, they may prefer to alternatively use simple traditional semi-empirical methods which are generally formulated based on some assumptions that may not be even applicable for the problem in hand. Nonetheless, the engineers rather use… Read More

Geotechnical Topics

Application of Rayleigh Damping and Numerical Damping in Finite Element/Difference Analysis

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 This article intends to shed light on application of Rayleigh and numerical damping in finite element and finite difference analyses. As you all know, there are two types of damping in a system subjected to dynamic loads; (1) material damping, and (2) radiation damping. Material damping is the dissipated energy due to the yielding of… Read More

Geotechnical Topics

Simplified design methods – Mitigation of lateral spread

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 This article outlines the common design procedures used to evaluate the performance of geotechnical systems that are proposed for mitigation of  lateral spreading. The design of any type of retaining structure generally includes; (i) global stability analysis, and (ii) internal stability analysis. In the former, general mass movement of a retaining structure as well the… Read More

Geotechnical Topics

Determination of active seismic earth pressure on retaining structures

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 Common simplified approaches to calculate seismic active pressure are described below: 1. Semi-empirical Mononobe-Okabe Method The simplest method to approximate seismic active pressure is to use the approach of Mononobe-Okabe (M-O) which is originally based on Coulomb’s theory of static earth pressures. The method incorporates the following assumptions (Geraili and Sitar, 2013): The backfill soil… Read More